What is the maximum % recovery of feedwater through the "Christmas Tree" layout in reverse osmosis?

In reverse osmosis systems using the "Christmas Tree" layout, the maximum recovery of feedwater generally reaches around 85%. This layout is designed to optimize the flow and utilization of water, allowing a significant portion of the feedwater to be converted into permeate, or treated water.

The term "Christmas Tree" refers to the configuration in which membranes are arranged to facilitate optimal flow and minimize concentration polarization, thereby enhancing the efficiency of water recovery. In practice, achieving this recovery rate is influenced by various factors, including feedwater quality, pressure, and system design parameters.

While systems may theoretically aim for higher recovery rates, practical limitations such as membrane fouling, osmotic pressure, and equipment design typically prevent recovery rates from exceeding about 85% without compromising water quality or system longevity. Hence, an 85% recovery represents a practical balance between efficiency and performance in the context of drinking water treatment.